The s Guitar Hero Series And King s Candy Crush Saga

Games, in one form or another, have existed for almost as long as the human race and despite the fact that they are often reduced to being something for children they are in fact quite complex. When analysing games one must look at why they are engaging – what keeps us playing – and how they foster participation in the average user. By comparing and contrasting the characteristics of Activision’s Guitar Hero series and King’s Candy Crush Saga, it will become apparent that the former is more engaging while the latter is more effective in fostering participation in players. Before one can begin to analyse games in terms of their engagement and participation qualities, a definition of what a game is and the characteristics that make them effective must be established. Koster defines games by saying they are, ‘iconic depictions of patterns in the world†¦games are puzzles to solve’ (2004, p. 34), indicating that games are simply non-threatening representations of reality designed to teach the player skills that they will first have to discover for themselves. According to Koster the skills games intend to teach are often, ‘things that we can absorb into the unconscious as opposed to things designed to be tackled by the conscious, logical mind’ (2004, P. 76) which is something that can be seen in both Guitar Hero and Candy Crush. On the surface, Guitar Hero is a game about being a rock star and playing music, but the way the game is played aims to improve hand-eye coordination

A child called “it” Free Essays

I don’t believe that anyone could read this book and not be disturbed it. It is a poignant and heart wrenching book of one child’s great misery at the hands of his extremely â€Å"ill† mother. The types of abuse that were inflicted upon him were horrific and terrifying to read about, let alone to have suffered through. We will write a custom essay sample on A child called â€Å"it† or any similar topic only for you Order Now I had to pause several times in the reading just to take a breath and try to absorb that anyone could have endured such horrors and survived it. It often brought me to tears and shock from the sheer sadness of it. David Pelzer’s writings were clear, concise, and held back no punches. At times, I felt myself filled with rage at the injustice and cruelty this man bore as a helpless child and the incredulity that it was permitted to go unchecked for so long. It seemed so inconceivable that no one interfered or made any attempt to stop it from family to public officials. This did not happen in the Dark Ages but in the 1970’s in California and in a country which was and is supposed to be a nation of freedom and enlightenment. How could the system have so totally and miserably failed this child? The â€Å"why† of that was still a mystery to me when I had reached the conclusion of the book? The only answer I could come up with was that no one could be bothered until it just finally became so evident that it could no longer be ignored. That, in itself, is almost as dire a tragedy as the misery and pain this child had to feel and live through. First question: A discussion of how this book impacted you emotionally and cognitively. The first real reaction I had was to the way the boy felt so unworthy in the beginning chapter of the book. This is a classic sign of child abuse, where it becomes the purpose of the abuser to demean and belittle the abused until they have no self confidence left or any sense of personal dignity. A human being that believes in themselves will fight back and refuse to be submissive. The mother’s constant spew of criticism was intended for just that purpose so that David would not try to oppose her and would suffer through her abuse without fighting her. It gave her a sense of power over him, ill regardless of the fact that she was an adult and he was a child where the physical odds were against him. As each stage of the abuse became more violent and degrading as well as life threatening, my shock grew the further I read into the book. At points, it was hard to believe that a mother could be so uncaring of her child. Her coldness and lack of guilt amazed me but David’s mental and emotional fight to preserve his sanity and survival awed me more. When she broke his arm was horrible but to make him suffer through the night just so she pass it off as a fall off a top bunk and therefore, in her mind, take away any risk that she might be held accountable for it, impressed upon me just what a callous coward she was. Yet that incident seemed to pale in the mockery of the stabbing where she simply bound his wounds and let him heal at home without any medical help. She knew if she took him to the hospital that there would questions and reactions and she would come under suspicion but in truth, the saddest and most despicable action came from his father when David turned to him for help and the man simply told him to go back and finish the dishes before the mother noticed. He let his child stand there and bleed on the carpet and did nothing. Why? Because he was afraid of his wife and her mouth! He put his comfort over the safety of his child and that is unbelievable that any loving parent would do that! I could better understand David’s siblings’ withdrawal out of fear of the mother but the father and the grandmother, both adults, failing to act in David’s defense was almost beyond comprehension. The malicious way that the mother taught her youngest son to view his older brother was feasible because a child, especially a very young one, reacts to the way they are taught. He was blameless in a way and more so than David’s older brothers. It brought forth the question to my mind as to why â€Å"just David† and not the other boys? Why were they allowed to eat and have privileges and David wasn’t? What was it about David that made his mother single him out as the one to be despised and abused? These were questions that the book never quite answered in my opinion. Of course, the book was written from the first person point of view, which of David and in only being a child, how would he know what caused his mother to turn on him and treat him so abominably? Second question: A discussion of the instances of where people could have stopped the maltreatment but did not. This question goes back to the instance of the father in particular. He was the only other adult in the house and it should have fallen on him to stop the abuse when it first began. Despite the fact that his wife hid the abuse from him in the beginning and made David never reveal it to his father, how could he have not noticed? With the mother denying the child food, the boy would have grown thinner and wan with an unusual lack of energy or vibrancy normal to a child David’s age. The father would have also had to see how the child clung to him when he was home. Then as time progressed and the father did openly admit to what was happening, why did he not stop it? If he had been a truly loving and caring parent, he would have taken immediate action to stop it, no matter how much he cared about his wife. He simply did not want to â€Å"rock the boat†, to use an old adage. He chose to ignore the situation and pretend that it was not happening. David was alone in a world that he was too small to be able to defend himself in. How to cite A child called â€Å"it†, Papers

Android Security VS Iphone Security

Question: Discuss about theAndroid Security VS Iphone Security. Answer: Introduction Recently, the world has seen the emergence of mobile computing whose sophistication has never been witnessed before. Most of the mobile phone makers have been making leaps and bounds in order to be ahead of their competitors in providing mobile phones and solutions geared towards fast adoption by customers. These mobile devices are highly technologically advanced that many of the functions performed on a computer can also be done on a mobile phone while still maintaining the same great user experience (Chittoria and Aggarwal, 2014:1). In the present market, the most renowned mobile devices are those running on Android operating system belonging to Google and those running on iOS belonging to Apple. Mobile applications have become integral and ubiquitous to our lives and therefore they have attracted the interest of unethical/criminal hackers who are interested in stealing information they come across in these mobile devices and their applications (Kaspersky Lab United States, 2016). Google and Apple have taken huge strides in creating various measures to ensure secure usage of mobile devices. This research report emphasizes on security of the mobile applications that run on the aforementioned operating systems. Security should always be considered in all phases of a mobile application life cycle which include stages such as development, publishing, installation and execution/usage of the application. It should start from the very first point of developing the application to the last stage which is execution. After execution, security must be checked at all times. Security Consideration Overview This report is subdivided into four parts which further elaborate on the security aspects in Android and iPhone. They are: Security at the time of developing the application. Security when publishing the application to the online stores of Android and iPhone. Security at the time of installation especially the features in both mobile operating systems. Security at the time of execution of the application on a users mobile phone Smart mobile devices are characterized by the capability to execute numerous and synchronized applications supporting diverse degrees of portability and modification and by supporting alternating distant service access and working according to limited resource constrictions (Susanto et al., 2016). This comes at a cost since security will have to be considered in the whole cycle of app execution, failure to which would see the application exposing its user to security attacks. Security at the Time of Developing the Application In an ideal world, it would be every application developers dream to create a bug free application with perfectly secure data storage and transmission (Das, Goswami and Bhunia, 2016: 1). Since there is nothing as a perfect application, bugs are bound to exist, with majority of them emerging at the time of application design and development due to a mistake or two, done by the software engineer or the individual responsible for developing an application. Consequences of these bugs include compromising of user data and sometimes injection of applications that execute illegal processes such as key logging. To achieve security in Android, the developer is responsible for isolating an application from other resources belonging to the system through a technique called sandboxing. A sandbox is firmly restricted environment where applications and programs can be executed. Sandboxes control what block or pieces of application code can do, thereby giving them as many permissions as they require without including extra permissions which could be misused (Howtogeek.com, 2016). Sandboxing in Android is usually controlled by each application. The application usually requires permission and approval in order for a continued access to resources the application needs. This improves and tightens security since each application has its own listing/directory and permissions per each active application (Holla and Katti, 2016:489). In iPhones iOS, sandboxing comprises of a set of fine-grained restrictions that bound the application access to the file system, network as well as the hardware of the device. It contains an extremely robust sandbox in which applications use the same sandbox with a higher protection and less access by other applications (Tabini, 2014). IPhone is more secure compared to android. This is because; iPhone permits access to the system file in the root and not phone settings. Android depends more on the user since the user usually is required to modify or set security for every application at the time of its installation. In android, storage can be built in or external which doesnt have permissions by default except for reading. Therefore, all applications are able to read data from the external storage automatically. An application may end up accessing unwanted code within the external storage thereby spreading viruses and malware. In iOS, the device doesnt have an external storage or memory and only contains fixed internal or built in storage. For an application to be accessed or manipulated, it must get permission from the data through the DPA (Data Protection APIs) that are inbuilt into the IOS core. This is then joined to a complex entry code that increases security of data in the operating system (Sheldon, 2013). Security when Publishing the Application to the Online Stores of Android and iPhone After the application have been completely developed and tested, it is now ready to be distributed to users. This is called publishing. This is popularly done through application stores hosted by Google for android or Apple for iOS with respect to which operating system an application have been built to run on. Application store for android is called Google Play and that for iOS, is called Apple store. To publish applications to the Google play store, the creator or developer is required to have access to the Googles Developer Console which is a set of tools which permit the developer in publishing and monitoring their applications (Play.google.com, 2016). However, Google play store is not the only place that one can place their application for download. A user can decide to install an application which has been emailed or downloaded from a website just by making modifications to a security setting that permits installation of android applications from unknown sources. This fails to provide security verification and in the process exposing a mobile phone to malware (Chittoria and Aggarwal, 2014:1). In iOS, the Xcode which is an integrated development environment (IDE) uses a signing identity mechanism in order to sign up an application when it is undergoing the build process. The signing identity usually has got a public and a private key paired together. The private key is used by cryptographic functions to fire up the signing of identity process while the public key helps to recognize the developer as the rightful owner of the both keys. Therefore, a developer can acquire developer certificates for purposes of public distribution and distribution certificates in order to submit to the Apple application store. This ensures that the operating system does not allow installation of applications from unauthorized sources. Security at the time of installation especially the features in both mobile operating systems The android operating system normally contains permissions for individual applications which are also the same for the iPhone operating system. In the android operating system, a list of permissions and resources required by the application in order to execute are displayed. During installation, the user usually selects a list of permissions he or she would like to be associated with a particular application. Permissions include read phone identity and state, internet access, automatically start or boot etc. however, a user only has two options; give all the permissions required by an application or simply not carry out the installation of the application. Again, it is up to the installers decision to consider the permissions while doing installation and allow them or deny them and abandon installation. Unfortunately, majority of users do not put into consideration these permissions and this is a form of security breach since some permissions may be harmful in the long run. IPhone has a different approach to application permissions during installation. No application permissions are asked during installation. Unlike in android where one has to give all permissions to be able to install or deny them and fail to install, iOS for iPhone only permits the most basic permissions to be authorized by the user. Therefore, at the time of installation, only the application is installed without any permissions having been granted. These permissions are authorized when a user is executing an application and it requires a certain resource to properly function. For example, after installing Google maps and not using it, there is zero permission associated with it. However, any attempt to use its mapping features throws a prompt to the user asking for permission to use the current location of the users device. This is more secure compared to android since one can deny this permission and then continue using the application in other manner with respect to its specificat ions. This shows that android is highly exposed to security breaches since one cannot make specific choices on permissions to allow or deny. Its either you allow all or deny all (Savvy Apps, 2016). Security at the Time of Execution of the Application on a users Mobile Phone It has been discussed above that iPhone requires app permissions during execution while android requires them during installation. For the iPhone, an application will execute only when permissions are authorized. This is because when an application execute, it requests for access to the necessary resources in order for it to give output to the user. The operating system prompts the user with the help of a dialog box whether they permit the application to use the resource it is demanding. IPhone also offers runtime security through a process referred to as code signing. This process prevents an unauthorized application from running on the mobile phone. In an android application, it is the responsibility of the developer to build and test the security of an application while it is executing. This is by following android best practices which include ensuring that the application is not performing insecure creation of files, listening to communications such as SMSes, improper storage of user and device data etc (developer.android.com, 2016). Root kits are more common in android than iPhone. These are malwares aimed at giving criminal hackers administrative access to a mobile phone (Schultz, 2008). Types of root kits include user mode root kits and kernel mode root kits. A hacker most coveted prize in the mobile sector is gaining root access to a mobile device. Root access is the process of having control of various android subsystems. If a mobile phone gets infected with a root kit, the owner of the root kit has all the permission to do what he wants in the mobile such as turning off safety features, install and deploy applications they want and even listening for communications and stealing data (Kassner, 2008). Conclusion In the table below, we provide a comparison of security for the applications in iPhone and Android based on the phase in which an application is currently in. Application phase Android IPhone During development Sandboxing in Android is usually controlled by each application. The application usually requires permission and approval in order for a continued access to resources the application needs. In iPhones iOS, sandboxing comprises of a set of fine-grained restrictions that bound the application access to the file system, network as well as the hardware of the device. This improves and tightens security since each application has its own listing/directory and permissions per each active application It contains an extremely robust sandbox in which applications use the same sandbox with a higher protection and less access by other applications During publishing The creator or developer is required to have access to the Googles Developer Console which is a set of tools which permit the developer in publishing and monitoring their applications. The Xcode which is an integrated development environment (IDE) uses a signing identity mechanism in order to sign up an application when it is undergoing the build process. The signing identity usually has got a public and a private key paired together. The private key is used by cryptographic functions to fire up the signing of identity process while the public key helps to recognize the developer as the rightful owner of the both keys. During installation List of permissions and resources required by the application in order to execute are displayed. During installation, the user usually selects a list of permissions he or she would like to be associated with a particular application. At the time of installation, only the application is installed without any permissions having been granted. These permissions are authorized when a user is executing an application and it requires a certain resource to properly function. During execution It is the responsibility of the developer to build and test the security of an application while it is executing. This is by following android best practices which include ensuring that the application is not performing insecure creation of files, listening to communications such as SMSes, improper storage of user and device data etc An application will execute only when permissions are authorized. This is because when an application execute, it requests for access to the necessary resources in order for it to give output to the user. The operating system prompts the user with the help of a dialog box whether they permit the application to use the resource it is demanding. It is every individuals responsibility, whether a user or a developer to ensure security of a device is maintained at all times failure to which both stand to lose. References Casteel, K., Derby, O. and Wilson, D. (2012). Exploiting common Intent vulnerabilities in Android applications. [online] Available at: https://css.csail.mit.edu/6.858/2012/projects/ocderby-dennisw-kcasteel.pdf [Accessed 22 Oct. 2016]. Chittoria, Y. and Aggarwal, N. (2014). Application Security in Android-OS VS IOS. International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering, [online] 4(5), p.1. Available at: https://www.ijarcsse.com/docs/papers/Volume_4/5_May2014/V4I5-0847.pdf. Das, M., Goswami, R. and Bhunia, C. (2016). Implementation of New Method to Generate a Key in Automatic Variable Key for Perfect Security. IJSIA, 10(4), pp.1. developer.android.com (2016). Best Practices for Security Privacy | Android Developers. [online] Developer.android.com. Available at: https://developer.android.com/training/best-security.html [Accessed 22 Oct. 2016]. Goetsch, S. (2016). Secure Mobile Development Best Practices. [online] NowSecure. Available at: https://www.nowsecure.com/ebooks/secure-mobile-development-best-practices/#viaforensics [Accessed 22 Oct. 2016]. Hill, S. (2012). Android app security basics: Easy ways to keep your phone safe. [online] Digitaltrends.com. Available at: https://www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/android-app-security-basics/#ixzz33JTbRJ3U [Accessed 22 Oct. 2016]. Hoffman, C. (2013). iOS Has App Permissions, Too: And Theyre Arguably Better Than Androids. [online] Howtogeek.com. Available at: https://www.howtogeek.com/177711/ios-has-app-permissions-too-and-theyre-arguably-better-than-androids/ [Accessed 22 Oct. 2016]. Holla, S. and Katti, M. (2016). Android Based Mobile Application Development and its Security. International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology, [online] 3(3), p.489. Available at: https://www.ijcttjournal.org/Volume3/issue-3/IJCTT-V3I3P130.pdf. Howtogeek.com. (2016). Sandboxes Explained: How Theyre Already Protecting You and How to Sandbox Any Program. [online] Available at: https://www.howtogeek.com/169139/sandboxes-explained-how-theyre-already-protecting-you-and-how-to-sandbox-any-program/ [Accessed 21 Oct. 2016]. Kaspersky Lab United States. (2016). Kaspersky Personal Family Security Software. [online] Available at: https://usa.kaspersky.com/internet-security-center/threats/android-vs-iphone-mobile-security#.WAmeKeh97Dd [Accessed 21 Oct. 2016]. Kassner, M. (2008). 10+ things you should know about rootkits - TechRepublic. [online] TechRepublic. Available at: https://www.techrepublic.com/blog/10-things/10-plus-things-you-should-know-about-rootkits/ [Accessed 22 Oct. 2016]. Play.google.com. (2016). [online] Available at: https://play.google.com/apps/publish/signup/ [Accessed 22 Oct. 2016]. Sacco, A. (2008). Six Essential Apple iPhone Security Tips. [online] PCWorld. Available at: https://www.pcworld.com/article/152128/iphone_security.html [Accessed 22 Oct. 2016]. System Permissions | Android Developers. [online] Developer.android.com. Available at: https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/security/permissions.html [Accessed 22 Oct. 2016]. Savvy Apps. (2016). How to Create Better User Permission Requests in iOS Apps. [online] Available at: https://savvyapps.com/blog/how-to-create-better-user-permission-requests-in-ios-apps [Accessed 21 Oct. 2016]. Shah, K. (n.d.). Top 10 iPhone Security Tips. [online] Santa Clara: McAfee. Available at: https://www.mcafee.com/us/resources/white-papers/foundstone/wp-top-10-iphone-security-tips.pdf [Accessed 22 Oct. 2016]. Schultz, E. (2008). Rootkits: The Ultimate Malware Threat. [online] Infosectoday.com. Available at: https://www.infosectoday.com/Articles/Rootkits.htm [Accessed 22 Oct. 2016]. Sheldon, R. (2013). How Apple iOS encryption and data protection work. [online] Search Mobile Computing. Available at: https://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/tip/How-iOS-encryption-and-data-protection-work [Accessed 21 Oct. 2016]. Source.android.com. (n.d.). Security | Android Open Source Project. [online] Available at: https://source.android.com/security/ [Accessed 22 Oct. 2016]. Susanto, H., Almunawar, M., Leu, F. and Chen, C. (2016). Android vs iOS or Others? SMD-OS Security Issues. International Journal of Technology Diffusion, 7(2), pp.1-18 Tabini, M. (2014). Why Apple should open up the iOS sandbox. [online] Macworld. Available at: https://www.macworld.com/article/2148362/how-inter-app-communication-on-ios-could-benefit-users.html [Accessed 21 Oct. 2016].

Prison Inmates, Are Some Of The Most Maladjusted People In Society. Mo

Prison inmates, are some of the most "maladjusted" people in society. Most of the inmates have had too little discipline or too much, come from broken homes, and have no self-esteem. They are very insecure and are "at war with themselves as well as with society" (Szumski 20). Most inmates did not learn moral values or learn to follow everyday norms. Also, when most lawbreakers are labeled criminals they enter the phase of secondary deviance. They will admit they are criminals or believe it when they enter the phase of secondary deviance (Doob 171). Next, some believe that if we want to rehabilitate criminals we must do more than just send them to prison. For instance, we could give them a chance to acquire job skills; which will improve the chances that inmates will become productive citizens upon release. The programs must aim to change those who want to change. Those who are taught to produce useful goods and to be productive are "likely to develop the self-esteem essential to a normal, integrated personality" (Szumski 21). This kind of program would provide skills and habits and "replace the sense of hopelessness" that many inmates have (Szumski 21). Moreover, another technique used to rehabilitate criminals is counseling. There is two types of counseling in general, individual and group counseling. Individual counseling is much more costly than group counseling. The aim of group counseling is to develop positive peer pressure that will influence its members. One idea in many sociology text is that group problem-solving has definite advantages over individual problem-solving. The idea is that a wider variety of solutions can be derived by drawing from the experience of several people with different backgrounds. Also one individuals problem might have already been solved by another group member and can be suggested. Often if a peer proposes a solution it carries more weight than if the counselor were to suggest it (Bennett 20-24). Further, in sociology, one of the major theories of delinquency is differential association (Cressey 1955). This means some people learned their ways from "undesirable" people who they were forced to be in association with and that this association "warps" their thinking and social attitudes. "Group counseling, group interaction, and other kinds of group activities can provide a corrective, positive experience that might help to offset the earlier delinquent association" (Bennett 25). However, it is said that group counseling can do little to destroy the power of labeling (Bennett 26). The differential-association theory emphasizes that a person is more likely to become a criminal if the people who have the greatest influence upon them are criminals (Doob 169). Most of today's correctional institutions lack the ability and programs to rehabilitate the criminals of America. One can predict that a prisoner held for two, four, eight or ten years, then released , still with no education or vocational skills will likely return to a life of crime. Often their life in crime will resume in weeks after their release. Although the best prisons and programs in the world will not cure the problem totally, improvements still must be made (Szumski 20). Prison inmates, are some of the most "maladjusted" people in society. Most of the inmates have had too little discipline or too much, come from broken homes, and have no self-esteem. They are very insecure and are "at war with themselves as well as with society" (Szumski 20). Most inmates did not learn moral values or learn to follow everyday norms. Also, when most lawbreakers are labeled criminals they enter the phase of secondary deviance. They will admit they are criminals or believe it when they enter the phase of secondary deviance (Doob 171). Next, some believe that if we want to rehabilitate criminals we must do more than just send them to prison. For instance, we could give them a chance to acquire job skills; which will improve the chances that inmates will become productive citizens upon release. The programs must aim to change those who want to change. Those who are taught to produce useful goods and to be productive are "likely to develop the self-esteem essential to a normal, integrated personality" (Szumski 21). This kind of program would provide skills and habits and "replace the

buy custom Colonial Identities and the Sociedad de Castas essay

buy custom Colonial Identities and the Sociedad de Castas essay Stuart B. Schwartz in his work Colonial Identities and the Sociedad de Castas emphasizes such concepts as race and class tracing their functional influences on the multi-racial and multi-ethnic societies of colonial Latin America.Also, the researcher makes attempts to both detect possible changes in respect of the aforementioned phenomena and investigate the direct causes of such changes. To the authors point of view, most of researchers strive to measure the motifs and changes regarding the multi-racial and multi-ethnic societies by accentuating on the institute of marriage or sexual unions. In other words, the unions of endogamy or exogamy are frequently investigated in order to answer the aforesaid question. Contrary to other scholars, Schwartz is disposed to think that the concept of sociedad de castas as well as the society of orders has been a juridical and ideological constituent which makes impact on marriage, work and other integral parts of social life while constructing an interweaving part of it as well.According to Swartz, an intensifying concern with issues of identity and social definition proves the reliability of the aforementioned approach. Thus, a wide range of researchers convict that the racial category of sociedad de castas is not utterly dependent on the biological criterion but also embodies specific social designators. In addition, the term caste should be apprehended as a biologically social entity solidified by various life experiences including baptism, marriage and living arrangements. Also, a mental note should be made that the colonial polity has often granted peculiar privileges and statuses to certain groups of people. In view of the above, it is possible to presume that many people are reluctant to disclose their true biological identity in order to either occupy or retain particular positions in the colonial society. Hence, the representatives of different castes should not be differentiated solely on the biological grounds. Moreover, Schwartz states that analysis of the castes system not as a fixed structure but as a historical process brings no ubiquitous knowledge. To the authors point of view, not marriages but unions with Indian women have given birth to a generation of mestizo children accepted as Spaniards.Such unions have been considered manifestations of both passion and strategy. In accordance with Schwartzs narration, the idea of lineage being dependent on blood plays a very crucial role in discerning between various castes. Apart from the above, the researcher seeks to investigate whether the multi-ethnic societies of colonial Latin America have been organized by racial principles as well.As far as the notion of legitimacy is concerned, it should be conceded that the colonial society incorporaes legitimacy and recognition as the significant factors. Nevertheless, the impact of legitimacy and recognition on the issue of race, and vice versa, is undisclosed. As the foregoing discussion must suggest, legitimacy and recognition have obviously been the primary markers for the first generations. However, in Spanish American centers by 1560 the social status of mestizos within colonial society has been diminished due to a sequence of local, demographic and historical circumstances. As far as the concept of race is concerned, it should be asserted that the demography is represented as a fairly important factor for the first generation of multi-ethnic societies in colonial Latin America. According to Schwartz, Spanish have given preference to marriages with European women when available. Otherwise, Spaniards have accepted mestizas as Europeans or members of aboriginal noble and ruling families. At any rate, Spanish people have preferred mestizas to Indians. Therefore, it should be supposed that the factor of race remains, in Schwartzs opinion, the most advantageous way to understand the patterns of multi-ethnic societies in colonial Latin America. In the final analysis, the author suggests that the factor of gender has genuinely affected the functioning of colonial society in Latin America by means of controlling and representing the sexuality and domestic arrangements as undeniable parts of the Spanish governance; but the aforesaid factor should not be apprehended as an independent variable After everything has been given due consideration, it is possible to outline the chief strengths and limitations of the analyzed study. In this connection, it should be asserted that the studys benefits are the following: The author endeavors to juxtapose the sociedad de castas with juridical and ideological system of society which has the direct nexus with marriage, work and other forms of social subsistence. It should be agreed that the colonial society with various hierarchies within it may be comprehended through analysis of its values, perceptual identities and ideology. Therefore, it is possible to claim that the correlation between different castes in colonial Latin America has been driven by particular social values, perceptual identities and ideological fundamentals. Schwartz discusses professor Kuznesofs approach based on the thesis that the determination of race is substantially motivated by gender. The issue of gender is also elucidated by Jesus F. de la Teja and Ross Frank who purport that Spanish colonizers have made use of their social control theory and practice designed to enforce conformity to idealized gender. Another benefit of Schwartzs research lies in stating that the early contacts between Europeans and aboriginal peoples and the treatment of their offspring are the most significant preconditions to the systems of hierarchy. In view of the aforesaid judgment, it should be implied that both knowledge and experience of multi-cultural interactions have truly incited Spanish colonizers to maintain their dominance with the help of sociedad de castas. The author has managed to explain that a race or ethnicity should not be apprehended as a caste itself. He has demonstrated how the social position of various peoples including mestizos and creoles has been constantly changed due to various factors. Schwartz argues that the issue of gender is utterly dependent on a particular race and does not solely affect the sociedad de castas. In other words, a representative of a particular gender may change the caste only if his racial status allows him to do so. Furthermore, it might be relevant to ascertain that Schwartzs study has a number of limitations as well. They are the following: Stuart B. Schwartz takes into account primarily investigations of professor Kuznesof. The authors exclusive emphasis on critical analysis of Kuznesofs approach makes his study less substantiated and reliable. The author of Colonial Identities and the Sociedad de Castas has failed to elaborate on the issues of legitimacy and social responsibilities of castes representatives. Apart from the above, it should be stated that there are several issues in the domain of multi-racial and multi-ethnic societies of colonial Latin America than need to be investigated further. The first problem includes the question of identity and determination. In this connection, it is proposed to examine how various ethnic groups being controlled in the frames of the sociedad de castas have personally identified their social statuses. Also, it should be detected whether the peoples aspirations to self-determination and independence have ever shaped the sociedad de castas. The second problem involves the matter of race and its social components because Schwartz has failed to elucidate the concept of race as the social phenomenon. The third issue that needs to be clarified is the concept of marriage and its influence on the sociedad de castas. According to Frank Salomon, marriage constitutes an integral part of the native societies political economy. In the final analysis, it is possible to lead to a conclusion that Schwartzs study of racial and class determinants facilitates the understanding of the colonial world and its system of complex relationships which is called the sociedad de castas. Buy custom Colonial Identities and the Sociedad de Castas essay

Making the First Call to Your College Roommate

Making the First Call to Your College Roommate You just received your roommates name and contact information. Youre a little nervous, a little excited. Your mind is buzzing . . . where to start first? Facebook? Google? Your friends? Just how much cyber stalking is appropriate when it comes to someone youll be living with? If you really want to get to know your new roomie youll have to go a little more old school and pick up the phone. How You Most Likely Were Matched You have been paired with your roommate for a wide range of reasons: some may be left to chance, others may be strategic. Smaller schools have more time and resources to pair roommates personally based on questionnaires and other information. Larger schools may use software to match you. You may have been purposefully placed with your roommate to expose both of you to new backgrounds, experiences, and personalities; you may have been paired with your roommate with lesser goals in mind. Either way, you now have the name of the person with whom you will (most likely!) live for the next nine months. Congrats! Before You Call There are a few things you should keep in mind before contacting your roommate for the first time. First and foremost, remember that both of you are likely nervous and excited about similar things: leaving home, starting college, having a roommate, figuring out your meal plans and where to buy books. This is a great place to start to connect. Second, before contacting your roommate, try to think about what you know your living style to be like. Keep in mind that this may be different than what you want your style to be like. Do you like a clean and organized room? Yes. Are you good at keeping it that way? No. Make sure you know how you actually are so that you can set realistic expectations for both of you. Try to be honest about your own patterns and what you know you need to feel balanced. College life is stressful, so if you know you need to go out dancing until 3:00 a.m. to relieve that stress, come up with a plan for how to handle returning home really late without waking your sleeping roommate. During the Call Try to remember that you dont need to work everything out during your first phone call or email. (Email is great, but you most definitely should try to connect via phone, if possible, before meeting on move-in day!) You can decide who brings the mini-fridge, the TV, etc., later. For the first phone call, do your best just to get to know the other person. Talk about his or her high school experience, goals for college, major, why you both picked the college you did, and/or what you are doing between now and when you start in the fall. While many roommates end up being great friends, dont put that expectation on yourself or your new roommate. But you should set a pattern of being friendly. Even if you end up living totally different lives once youre at school, its still important to be on friendly and respectful terms with your roommate. Lastly, and most importantly, expect to be surprised. This may sound scary at first but remember: you have focused on going to college for a long time. You want to be challenged with new ideas, interesting texts, and mind-blowing conversations. One of the most important lessons to learn about college is that this kind of true learning doesnt just happen in the classroom! It happens in the conversations that continue after class as you walk to the cafeteria. Your roommate may currently be living in a different country than you. Your roommate may seem to be totally different than the people you hung out with in high school. Your roommate may seem to be . . . just too different. Sure, this is scary, but its also a little exciting. This is your first college experience in many ways. You may not be on campus yet, but you are meeting someone who hopefully will be somewhere in the mass of students throwing their graduation caps with you in several years. You and your first-year roommate may not be best friends, but you undoubtedly will be a part of each others college experience. As long as youre honest and respectful with each other, things should be fine. So snoop on the internet as much as you like, spend a little time figuring out what your living style is, take a deep breath, relax, and have fun on your first phone call with your new roomie!

Hyperopia (eye defect) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Hyperopia (eye defect) - Essay Example For example, in mild cases of this disorder eyes may focus without corrective lenses. In some other forms of hyperopia, eyeglasses or contact lenses can be prescribed. As a rule, new born children have some problems of hyoperopia (Tsubota, Boxer Wacher, Azar, and Koch, 2003). This can be explained by an abnormal in eyeball length. This disorder is characterized by inability of the retina to reflect light primary to changing into a focused image, which can lead to difficulty seeing of close objects (Eye Health: Presbyopia and Your Eyes, October, 2005). Different mistakes of vision can be explained in terms of hyperopia, for example a person can have from none to clear distance vision or blurry near vision (Edmiston). The brains of a child with hyperopia cannot identify sharp lines. Parents of these children cannot understand that the child has some problems at an early age. A child with hyperopia can have problems when focusing one's attention on a particular object. There is a lackin g of a child's ability identify images. Some serious cases of hyperopia prevent brains from merging the images identified by individual eyes. This can be explained by blurred images received from brains. ... This type of drops relaxes the accommodation. The patient's visual status can be determined with the help of hand-held instrument called a retinoscope. It is possible to measure a refractive error in units called diopters (D) (Chou, 2006.) This disease is also known as farsightedness, when a person can see distant objects clearly, but close objects as blurred ones. Individuals suffering hyperopia can experience it in a different manner. Hyperopia is more characterized as eye disorder, but not as a disease. On the basis of recent researches and studies it is possible to find out different characteristics of this eye disorder. For example, the scientists have claimed that age of people and their gender influences development of this disorder. Female gender patients are more subjected to hyperopia. Other scientists claim that males are more subjected to this eye disorder. Actually, it is relevant to refer to the reliability of data and statistics used to rely on the results of the studi es. In accordance with findings of 2010: â€Å"farsightedness commonly affects people during middle age - during their 40s or 50s, but it may also be present from birth. The majority of children who are born with some degree of hyperopia tend to get better as they get older and their eyes develop† (Nordqvist, 2010). The National Health Service (NHS), UK, underlines that 13.2% of British people suffer this disorder, though they are 20-25 years aged. If to consider hyperopia from a physiological point of view, it is possible to see that there are the following features, which are appropriate for people suffering from it. The cornea is a front part of an eye that transmits the light and focuses it in the eye. The lens is so-called transparent structures in the

Everyday life challenges Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Everyday life challenges - Essay Example These challenges are usually defined by the surrounding environment. Some of the common challenges I face are correlated with my emotions, family issues, work environment, economic issues, religious issues and the physical environment (Dean 44). For example, family issues such as sibling rivalry and hatred within the family interferes with the family relationships. This can also affect other members of the family especially when the siblings are not minors. Most of the time is usually spent on trying to resolve such duels. My personal emotions also affect my general outlook. This is normally depicted on a daily basis. In conclusion, I have become a victim of drug abuse and violence based on the numerous challenges, which I face as an individual. On several occasions, I have learnt that harboring an optimistic attitude is the best technique to ensure that I can cope with my everyday challenges (Dean 34). Also, engaging in leisure ensures that I am able to relax after work. Some of the leisure activities I engage in include playing games, swimming and reading magazines. These leisure activities enhance relaxation hence; avoiding daily

Of mice and Men Analysis Essay Example for Free

Of mice and Men Analysis Essay In Of mice and Men several characters dream of a different and better life. Why is it not a surprise that the dreams never come true? Of Mice and Men is a novel written by john Steinbeck that features the hopes and aspirations of ordinary people living very simple lives. It features very strong characters each with their own dreams of a different and better life. But of course such dreams only remain dreams because they never do come true. The title of mice and men is taken from a poem by a famous Scottish poet Robert Burns that quotes. The beat laid schemes o mice and men Gang aft agley (often go wrong) And leave us nought but grief and pain For promised joy! This basically means that it doesnt matter how much you plan and dream, things very rarely go according to plan, which leaves us longing for promised dreams. John Steinbeck was born in Salinas, California in 1902. This may have been the reason he decided to set the novel Of mice and men in the Salinas valleys. It was hard to live in good conditions around the time the book was set (1930-1940) because of the Wall Street crash and the great Depression that followed. It was extremely hard to get a job and if you did get a job, it would be for minimal pay. During the 1930s there was very bad unemployment, which meant thousands of people never had a job in the USA, so agencies (like the one that Lennie and George got their work cards from, Murray and Readys) were set up to end farm workers to where they were needed. Despite these conditions many people believed in the American dream. The theory of the American dream was taken from the 17th centaury and basically mans that in America, it doesnt matter who you are or where you come from anybody can make it big and be satisfied with what they have achieved. A lot of characters in the novel also had dreams of making it big and owning something good that they have worked hard to accomplish. Lennie Small and George Milton are the main characters and they both had similar dreams although they were very different people in more ways then one. We first get a description of their dream in chapter 1 when George and Lennie were at their campsite about to eat their supper. The conversation about the dream started off when Lennie said to George tell me- like you done before about the rabbits. The dream was basically that they wanted their own land where nobody can boss them around and tell them what to do. They also wanted to raise animals such as pigs cows and chickens an live of the fatta da lan. From this dream the to characters Lennie and George both wanted different things. George wanted a place of his own and independence he also wanted security for Lennie but the main thing he wanted is a ranch like the one he lived on as a child. On the other hand the only thing Lennie wants from the dream is to tend the rabbits. At this point of the novel the dream that Lennie and George had was still just a fantasy not reality. This is because George and Lennie did not have much money, like many people who lived around the time of the great Depression. People found it hard to get jobs let alone make a lot of money and they had just run away from another ranch in Weed because of Lennies behaviour, so deep down George knew that it was virtually impossible for their dreams to become a reality, until Candy is an ageing, disabled ranch hand that has been on the ranch for a, long time and when he hears Lennie talking to George about the dream he realises that that was his golden ticket out of the ranch. Candy wants to leave the ranch because he feels that he has no future in the ranch he fears that he might be sacked in the near future because he cannot do his job as good as an able bodied person. Candy realises he has enough money to offer Lennie and George so he could be part of the dream, Lennie and George accepts Candys offer and then the dream becomes a reality because George knows a real place they could get. Crooks is a black ranch hand that is discriminated because of his colour. Crooks first gets to know about the dream when Lennie walks into his room, whilst looking for some companionship. When Lennie tells him the dream, at first he did not believe it and he thought it would never happen. But then candy walks into the room and confirms what Lennie was saying at this point candy starts to believe the ream and he offers to join them. Then Curleys wife walks in and has an argument with the three men and threatens crooks by saying se could heave him hung, it is after Curleys wife leaves the bunkhouse that crooks decides to withdraw his offer and end his dream. Curleys wife dream is different from all the other means dreams. When she was younger, a man said that he was a film producer and that when he went he would come back for her and she would be in the movie. She waited for long for the man to send for her but he never did, she thought it her mother hid the letters but I think the man was not a real director; he was just flirting with her. Curleys wife manages to end all of the dreams she firstly ends crooks dream by telling him that she could get him hung, then she ends everyone elses dream when she dies because Lennie killed her and George then knows their dreams are over and her dream is over because she dies.

The Dual Role of Gods in The Iliad Essay -- Iliad essays

The Dual Role of Gods in The Iliad      Ã‚   With even a cursory exposure to ancient Greek texts, it is obvious that the gods and goddesses are very important in traditional Greek culture. As literary figures in mythos and specific poetry and drama, the gods dabble in the life of man, predict his fate, and routinely thwart any attempt for him to entirely forge his own future. But for those of us who are not extensively schooled in antiquities, it is hard to pinpoint exactly what the gods are to the ancient Greeks, and what they are to us as readers of literature who live outside the culture. Were the gods accepted as parable figures, meant to instruct? Were they used to explain acts of nature? Do they now belong to anything outside the scope of literary history?    Rather than speculate about the role of gods in all of Greek culture, it is more manageable to look at one specific text and determine the role its gods play within its world. In The Iliad, the gods are an integral part of the poem. Their foibles and fickleness recall for the reader the humanness of the Greek gods, and spark a mental association of men to myths. This makes the long-dead warriors more real to anyone who reads the poem. But the gods of The Iliad also inculcate what could be nothing more than a dry account of a historical war that no one recorded while it was happening. This historical-cultural element, one that connects the events of that unwritten war to readers by pulling the past into the present, make the old archetypes oddly modern and applicable to the present day world and its men. One of the most interesting lines in The Iliad is when one Aias tells the other that he recognizes Poseidon, who has disguised himself as K... ...ormalized remembrance; the gods' inclusion make that remembrance bigger than any sterile account or battlefield casualty list could be. This expanded scope makes relevant the deaths of would-be anonymous warriors, makes tragedy out of widows and orphans, makes us think about the cycles of human aggression. The gods and their powerful presence is one element of this relevant piece of historic art.    Works Cited and Consulted Camps, W. A. An Introduction to Homer. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980. Homer. "The Iliad." Western Literature in a World Context: The Ancient World through the Renaissance. Ed. Paul Davis et al. vol 1. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995. 25-156. Steiner, George, and Fagles, Robert, eds. Homer: A Collection of Critical Essays. Twentieth Century Views, ed. Maynard Mack. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice Hall, 1962.   

Grades do not Reflect Intelligence Essay

As young adults we have been tested many times over the years, whether it be by a parent, friend or life itself however, the most common of tests we receive are from school. Growing up we were taught to believe that A meant smart and F meant dumb. Time and time again this caused distress in students who were very smart but declared dumb by the education system. Contrary, students who were receiving higher marks are not necessarily the most intelligent. Eventually, people came to the realization that the marks received on tests in fact were not an accurate representation of ones intelligence but merely a showcase of their ability to memorize information. Firstly, the education system does not properly reflect ones intelligence due to common inflation of marks. Secondly, while we are all different, the education system provides us with the same learning and thirdly, grades are the result of effort not intelligence. As the years pass the entry level for most elite university programs rise and are currently well over 90 percent, as a high school student this can be very discouraging. Students are under an immense amount of pressure to do well and this rubs off on the teachers. More often then not teachers are faced with the pressure from students and parents asking or even demanding higher grades, many times they often ascribe any lack of high marks as the teachers fault. Coincidently, as of 2007 more than 60 percent of Ontario high school graduates had an A average, and 10 percent had an A+ average. According to Western University professor James Cà ´tà © that’s up from 40 percent in 1980. (Authority) In todays society many are obsessed with the best, resulting in many parents wanting to send their children to the best schools. This ultimately leads to schools feeling pressure to maintain their supreme standing. Many schools use the success of their past students to enhance their title. For both these reasons listed, inflation occurs. Schools and teachers are raising the marks of their students to their benefit. Of course they are just trying to help however, more often than not they are doing the complete opposite. According to a 2010 report from Brock University, students who entered university with a 90 percent or higher average in high school experienced a dramatic drop of 11.9 percent. Whereas students with high school marks in the 60-79 percent range only dropped 4.4 percent. (Statistic) Grade  inflation does not truthfully assess students learning, resulting in greater problems for their future. With the common act of inflation it is hard to decipher the difference in learning abilities between students. As human beings we are all diverse, not one an identical copy, now if this is the case why does the education system treat us like we are? (Rhetorical question) The education system has made some improvements over the years by dividing students based on their learning but there is much more work to be done. In high school there is a lack of diversity in available courses. There are a multitude of academic courses and very little courses related to apprenticeships and trades. High schools push and push for students to take these academic courses and follow suite to university, when the reality is not everyone is meant to go to university, and that is not a bad thing. However, the truth of this is being concealed by all the grade inflations and false hope given to students. After high school many students will come to the unfortunate realization that just because they did well in high school does not mean they will do the same in university and the high school education system will be to blame for that. If high schools represented college in a more positive way, many students would feel more comfortable and confident in taking the appropriate courses to accommodate to their learning needs. In reality, many students aren’t even aware that they have so many more options outside of these academic courses because the high schools are not making them available. This results in students who learn differently to be put in the same classes and tested the same ways, resulting in one being smarter than the other, when this is in fact not true. Albert Einstein once said, â€Å"Everybody is a genius. But if you judge a fish by its ability to climb a tree, it will live its whole life believing that it is stupid.† (Authority) Therefore, high schools should not test all students equally, but take the time to adhere to their learning abilities and follow suite with appropriate courses and testing. In addition to every student being completely different, it doesn’t help that there are so many of us. There are 105 secondary schools in the Toronto District School Board alone, meaning there are approximately 87, 273 students, and 5, 800 teachers. (Statistic) Now in this whole system of people, one can’t help but wonder, is my A+ the same as you’re A+? (Rhetorical question) If Sally is an intelligent student who doesn’t try hard at all and is managing to pass with  B’s and Julie is at a lower intelligence level but working her butt off to turn her C’s into B’s does this mean t hese grades are equivalent? (Example) Do these grades communicate anything about Sally and Julie’s intelligence, or are they merely a showcase of their efforts? (Rhetorical question) Grades are important yes, but they cannot determine ones intelligence. Grades show teachers how well you are able to retain information; they are an example of who sat down, put the effort in and studied and who didn’t. Yes, it may be easier for an â€Å"intelligent† person to get good grades, but someone of mediocre intelligence can also get good grades with hard work. High schools make test marks out to be everything, when in reality, as stated before; they are not an accurate representation of ones intelligence. Just because John got perfect on a math test and Billy didn’t, does not mean John is smarter, it means they excel in different areas and should be treated accordingly. Time after time many students will find themselves discouraged by their low marks, but that does not have to be the case. With the right amount of effort, and the right guidance everyone has the opportunity to be a genius. It is now time for the education system to put their best foot forward and conjure the effort to make this happen. In conclusion, it is evident that high school grades are no longer an accurate representation of students’ intelligence. Grades are inflated, students who are at completely different ends of the spectrum are getting the same tests and effort now differentiates most students’ grades, how can one possibly believe that this system accurately demonstrates the knowledge of our youth? (Rhetorical question) High schools need to develop a system that can evenly show case everyone’s intelligence. Until that is done, high achieving students will keep being told their brilliant and low achieving students will keep being pushed from, grade to grade. Overall, the question still remains, if academics cannot determine our intellect, what is the true test of intelligence?

Right to Counsel

Right to Counsel CJA/364 October 9, 2011 Right to Counsel Every individual is afforded the right to counsel in criminal proceedings. It is the liability of the government to provide every defendant facing criminal charges with legal representation that also is considered sufficient (2011). The Sixth Amendment to the U. S. Constitution guarantees every individual the right to a swift and public trial from an unbiased jury of his or her peers in the state or district in which the crime was committed in (1995-2011). The district should have been beforehand established by law, and to be educated of the nature and reason for the charge, the right to face the eyewitness in opposition of him or her, to have necessary process for gathering eyewitnesses in his or her support (1995-2011). Last, the Sixth Amendment affords and individual the right to have the aid of an attorney for his or her defense (1995-2011). The last statement of the Sixth Amendments establishes that every individual has a right to counsel from the very second he or she is placed in police confinement (2011). The judgments of the U. S. Supreme Court also indicates that the Right to Counsel be provided to any individual who is insolvent or penniless and that the individual is guaranteed the right to the attendance of a court-appointed counsel at a crucial point in the criminal trial (2011). The crucial points of these proceedings are composed of custodial questioning, pre-charge lineups, preliminary examinations, arraignment, trial, punishment, and the first appeal of guilty verdict (2011). The Right to Counsel was initiated as a response to the English custom of refusing the aid of counsel in severe criminal proceedings that forces individuals to be present in court and represent his or herself in his or her own words (2011). An example of the strictness of the practice to deny counsel is evident in the trial of Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots in 1568 (2011). Queen Mary was indicted for treason for supposedly plotting to kill Queen Elizabeth I (2011). Queen Mary requested the aid of an attorney on the basis that the laws and statutes of England were unfamiliar to her, she was without an attorney and no one would stand up and speak for her (2011). Queen Mary was eventually found guilty of her crimes and sentenced to death by beheading (2011). The creators of the U. S. Constitution deemed the denial of an attorney revolting to the fundamental ideology of criminal justice (2011). The creators of the U. S. Constitution ascertained that the aid of an attorney was an important factor in sustaining an accusatorial method of justice (2011). The accusatorial method of justice leaves the problem on the state to determine the guiltiness of the defendant (2011). The accusatorial method is in disagreement with the inquisitorial method in which fault or blamelessness is established through questioning of the defendant (2011). The Supreme Court also has interpreted the Sixth Amendment to mean that a defendant is entitled to an attorney that the attorney must also be effective in representing the defendant (2011). The Supreme Court interpreted this to mean that the representation must be diligent and significant (2011). The Supreme Court established that if a defendant is not provided with effective counsel during court proceedings, the conviction could be overturned (2011). The Supreme Court has also established that although the Sixth Amendment guarantees an individual the right to have an attorney, whether the attorney is hired or delegated by the courts that an individual may also represent his or herself (2004-2011). Any individual has the right to represent his or herself in court but a judge may refuse the individual that right to be his or her own counsel if the judge deems the individual lacks the capability to exercise a knowing or competent dismissal of an attorney (2004-2011). The judge may also deny an individual the right to represent his or herself if the representation is in any way disorderly of normal court proceedings (2004-2001). The right for an individaul to represent his or herself is granted only at normal court proceedings and is not available when a case is before the courts on appeal (2004-2011). If a person is granted the right to represent his or herself in court, that individual cannot later state the quality of his or her defense deprived him or her of sufficient aid to an attorney (2004-2011). The crucial components of right to an attorney is highlighted in the case of McKaskle v. Wiggins that detailed the self-represented defendants rights vis-a-vis â€Å"standby counsel† delegated by the trial court (2004-2011). If the defendant is representing his or herself, he or she has the power of how information is presented to the jurors (2004-2011). Even if there is an attorney on standby, the attorney’s presence should in no way alter the jury’s assessment that the individual is representing his or herself (2004-2011). But involvement of a standby attorney in the company of the jury and despite the protest of the defendant does not infringe on the defendants constitutional rights afforded by the Sixth Amendment when the aid is in agreement with normal courtroom principles and practices that alleviates the trail judge of these responsibilites (2004-2011). Some defendants may think it is wise to represent his or herself but if the individual is not well versed in the law he or she could make major mistakes that may cause him or her to lose his or her freedom. It is said that a person who represents his or herself has a fool for a client. An attorney is a delegate of citizens, an officer of the criminal justice system and the public that has an accountability to ensure justice is dispensed (1995-199). The role of an attorney has many facets; a consultant, promoter, delegate, mediator, and an assessor (1995-1999). As a consultant an attorney notifies his or her client with knowledge of his or her constitutional rights and responsibilites and clarifies his or her realistic suggestions (1995-1999). As a promoter an attorney feverously emphasizes the client’s point under the standards of the adversary method (1995-1999). As a delegate an attorney searches for an outcome beneficial to the client but uniform with the necessities of truthful dealings with others (1995-1999). As a mediator among clients an attorney searches to settle his or her conflicting interest (1995-1999). As an assessor an attorney researches his or her client’s legal dealings and informs the client or others of the legal dealings (1995-1999). In criminal court proceedings the prosecutor who works for the state, and the defense attorney who can also work for the state but is there to aid the defendant. The U. S. Supreme Court established in the case of Gideon v. Wainwright that the basic role of applies in a just criminal justice system (2011). The Justices collectively determined that the states possess a legal responsibility afforded within the Sixth and 14th Amendments to offer counsel to any individual who cannot afford one (2011). The judgment emphasized that a penniless individual in a criminal proceeding is guaranteed the aid of an attorney as a basic civil right necessary to ensure a just trial, a client’s trial and sentence deprived of an attorney is an infringement of the 14th Amendment (2011). The privilege to have an ttorney is the most basic bureaucratic safety measure to ensure a just trial in which the government and the defendant stand alike in the eyes of the law (2011). As stated earlier, the Supreme Court established that if a defendant is not provided with effective counsel during court proceedings, the conviction could be overturned (2011). References Right to Counsel 2011 http://legal-dictionary. thefreedictionary. com/right+to+counsel Retrieved October 9, The Exclusionary Rule January 16, 1999 The United States Constitution 1995-2011 U. S. Constitution Online http://www. usconstitution. net/const. html#Am1 Retrieved October 9, 2011 Self Representation 2004-2011 http://supreme. justia. com/constitution/amendment-06/16-self-representation. html Retrieved October 9, 2011 Preamble: A Lawyer’s Responsibilites 1995-1999 Touch N’ Go Systems http://touchngo. com/lglcntr/ctrules/profcon/profcon. htm Retrieved October 9, 2011 National Committee on the Right to Counsel 2011 National Legal Aid and Defender Associaton http://www. nlada. org/Defender/Defender_Kit/NCRC Retrieved October 9, 2011

William Faulkner #8211; Barn Burning

William Faulkner #8211; Barn Burning Barn Burning is a short story that was written by an American author- William Faulkner. Faulkner has brought out a mysterious characterization of Snopes.   It is a story that has ten year old Sarty Snopes as the main character who is faced by a conflict. Sarty’s father is a barn burner and he is divided as to whether he should let it to the judges that his father faces on two different occasions. In the first case, his father is taken to court and charged with burning Mr. Harrys barn. Even though he is guilty, he walks away scot free and the bad thing about it is that it is not the first and is not going to be the last barn he burns as we see in the story later. It is an injustice and he wishes that he could stop it, but on the other hand, he should protect the family name. this brings out the basis upon which the story rotates. The stors main theme is a conflict in which Sarty has to find which one among his family and his community he should identify with. Abner Snopes, Sartys father keeps on reminding him that family relations are very important and that he was getting to be a man. He got to learn to stick to his own blood or he wont have any blood to sticking to him (Main story: p 3) the major theme in the book is about finding ones identity, or choosing what to identify with. There is constant identity crisis. The book presents Sarty with two opposing choices. He can choose to side with his father because they are related by blood or choose to be loyal to the justice system in the community. Sarty knows very well that his father does burn barns and he does not advocate for his great injustice that the owners of the barns are subject to but his father keeps on drumming the fact that he has to take only the sides of his blood relatives. In his own opinion, we see that he argues that they are the ones who can side with you in all circumstances. In his statement earlier referred to, he adds that those people in the court were not going to side with him even if Sarty would have decided to testify against him. (Main story: p.3)   this idea of being loyal to the family members is evidently something that the boy must have been taught from a very early age because, even before the father reminds him that there was no need for him to go testifying in court against his father to bring about justic e, he had already set the court people as enemies in his mind, He fiercely aligns himself with a loyalty to blood as opposed to the justice of the court: †¦ our enemy/he thought in that despair; ourne/ mine and his both!/†¦ (Main story: p.1) Another instance where he shows his allegiance to the loyalty of the family is when he fights with other two boys because they ridicule him and heir father, they call him a barn burner. Although it might be clear that he lived in terror and fear of his father, he cannot just stand the soiling of both his father’s and his own name. (Main story: p.2). in the process of fighting, he is hurt, this shows the sacrifice he would make to ensure that he protects his family name, irregardless of whether they are on the wrong. This presents a great contrast to the fact that had the judge not dismissed him, he would have testified against his father.   When confronted by the father, Sarty does not hide the fact that he had been planning to tell the truth, and his father slaps him. At this point, we might be driven to think that his loyalty is imposed on him by his father. He admits to us that when his father told him that they just wanted to get him because he had beat them, had he answ ered that what they wanted was simply justice and the truth, he would have hit him again. So he preferred to keep quiet. After this incident, the judge is forced to find Snopes innocent despite the fact that he has been responsible for burning more than one barn. We see that in the area where the people do farming, so much importance is attached to barns which are the store houses in the area. He does not burn farm houses. However, he is issued with an order to leave the country for a neighboring country immediately. Young Sarty is faced with such a difficult choice. He can either choose to side with his father pledging his allegiance to blood ties, or choose to be just and reject his father’s evil deeds. In their new home, their landlord is a certain Major de Spain.   We see the way Snopes starts manipulating the situation to make Sarty aware that he is watching him this time. The statement †¦the man that aims to begin to-morrow owning my body and soul for the next eight months†¦ might just be an indication of the sorry life that he lives, such that he feels obligated to teach his son, Sarty to always side with him in his endeavors. It could just be a way of saying that other people will always make him be under their control and either he plans to control his son in turn to be his slave as he finds strength in having at least someone who is obedient to him. When Snopes takes Sarty along for a walk, we see clearly what the wish of young Sarty is. The wish that his father changes is seen by the way he figures the fact that his father will be able to change now that he has come to these rich mens mansion. Major de Spains house, according to Sarty is comparable to a place of law: Hit’s as big as a court house. (Main story: p.4) this emphasizes the theme of justice. He thinks that the splendor that the mansion displays will change his father. . (Commentary: p. 2). This was reason enough for Sarty to experience some peace, as highlighted in the second page of the commentary. This demonstrates the hopes that the boy has, he believes that his father will change so that at least he would not have to side with injustices. Unfortunately, it seems to be disillusionment, something that you dream about but never really happens. The father’s stiff black back represents rigidity that Sarty cannot fathom. He is not just about to abandon his illegal activity of barn burning. He derives some pleasure in it and cannot just quit.   The many stiff attribute of this man show a lot of rigidity. The radiance of the mansion is something very inconsequential to his bad habits. The rigidity that Sarty finally realizes that the father possesses motivates him to pursue a different line of identity. He figures out that the father has potential to change but he is stringent in avoiding it. The horse droppings incidence tells it all. He deliberately steps on it so he can dirty Major de Spains rug. He is always seeking trouble as his poor boy wishes that he changes his behavior. It was beyond his belief that his father would be unjust so deliberately. He is an evil character. His being wounded in the Civil War, has made him a bitter man, so he throws it about to other people blindly especially those who oppose him, or pose threats to him. How he knew those who do that to him is not clear. For instance, in Mr. Harris case, he had made an effort to help him when he thought that was what was needed- a roll of barbed wire, but the reaction was the same and by any chance, he was humiliated.   Maybe, Snopes must have been a very disturbed man. His name itself begun w ith a sn sound, an unpleasant sound. A silent and sullen man, walked with a limp. This is very handy when we come to learn that he had received the wound while stealing horses while he was still young.(Commentary: p. 2) After the house incidence that would have been a booster to the change of Sarty, we see him once more in the payment of some money to de Spain for having destroyed his carpet. Father and son team up and decide to ensure that they will not pay, due to the snobbish tone that Major de Spain tells his father that he cannot afford a hundred dollars. Ha asks for twenty bushels, that they both agree, with Sarty insisting that it was unfair and that they wont pay. However, Sarty does that in what is supposedly a mission to ensure that the father does is prevented from burning de Spains barn.   It looks like a derailment tactic. He feels bad that the father had been defeated but this is ironical since he is supporting an injustice because he imagines it is mild, in his opinion, as he argues that the de Spain is so unfair. He is irritated that Mr. de Spain dismisses his father that he cannot get a hundred dollars. Unluckily, even this does not seem to set his fathers mind from planning to bu rn the barn. This is the time when they clash so badly and the father is so visibly angry at all of them, for trying to stop him from burning de Spain’s barn. Sparty explanation for his fathers mystery of burning burns and yet he builds very little fires at the camp, see the provision of a very questionable explanation. Fire is his weapon of maintaining integrity as well as hitting back at his enemies. The use of fire is his one and only source of power to be used selectively and effectively should anyone cross his path thus anger him. (Commentary: p.3). It is however mysterious that he builds very small fires at the camp and yet he strikes his enemies with fire. His having been in the army at a certain time might have been the reason why he uses small fires for cover up. When Mr. de Spain tells his father to pay the twenty bushels, Sarty knows for a fact that if he is made to pay de Spain, he will surely burn his barn again. He goes to court and almost reveals the secret in an attempt to defend his father. He thinks that they are accusing him of something, not knowing that he was the plaintiff. Sarty is caught off guard this time by his fathers intension to burn Mr. de Spains barn. He even tries to delay his plan by suggesting the sending of someone to warn Mr. de Spin that his barn will be burned but his father already knows what he stands for and won’t let his plan fail. Despite the mothers effort to restrain him from going, he struggles with her and ensures that he defeats her. His aunt supports his course and even threatens to go if his mother does not let him go. Even his mother sides with him, that making the three of them against one. His problem is not abnormal after all. He frees himself and takes off towards Mr. de Spains house. He does the only sensible thing that crosses his mind, he reports to Mr. Spain who runs to the farm and shoots towards that direction. As the story ends, we do not know whether Sarty’s father is alive, but seemingly, it is too late. This time, the community justice overtook the loyalty to the family. As he sits in the crest o f the hill and thinks about exactly what happened, Sarty is just sad, maybe because he has lost his family and will have to start a new life on his own. He will no longer be bound to the family ties that he was so much bound to that all his decisions depended on it. It’s a whole new beginning for him. He is presented with a world where he does not know anything and will have to learn all things, but there is hope. Nothing binds him to support injustices. He has all the justice within reach, he can keep his dignity. A new world is set for him. Even Snopes himself suffers the identity crisis problem. Only that could explain the reason why he was always trying to hurt other people or trying to make so many enemies. Even in the war, we are told that he did not fight along any side. Even though he makes his sons life so difficult so that the son lives in constant fear and despair, he suffers more than Sarty does. He has not done anything to make people appreciate him, but is always trying to identify his enemies and destroy them. In his own opinion, he might not even be having friends, to identify with. In another light however, we find that the theme that the narrator tries to bring out is self eliminatory, if one of either sides is achieved, the other is eliminated. The author must have been aiming to eliminate the traditional views of Snopes that saw him making his son a slave to family support. If Sarty had chosen to be loyal to his father, he would never have tried to save the situation. Probably he would have ended up like his father since he would be an accomplice to the evil things that he did. On the other hand, we see Snopes having been made to be something we cannot quite conceive. It is quite difficult to imagine a man would be bad enough to force his son live in captivity of having to side with his illegal deeds. We also do not expect him to be the one suing Mr. de Spain. He had wronged him by marring his rug, and the best he would do was wait for him to be the one taking him to court. In short, the author tried to manipulate the characters in an extra ordinary way to c ome up this theme. It’s also interesting how the racial issues have been brought out. As much as Snopes sees himself as a person looked down upon, he knows that he has one up above the niggers. Thats the reason why he dismisses the butler when he tries to stop him at the door to get into the de Spain’s mansion. Though slightly brought out, the racial discrimination brought about sends us back to history. Its a historical representation. At least, apart from the fact that there were such issues (racial) one would think that that was all that there was in this land. It shows that even the whites had their own troubles to deal with. In conclusion, we see that the author went a long way to bring out the theme of identity crisis. Creation of stereotypes was the tactic he found most appropriate to do so. He bundles one person with all the negative characters so that he could be a barrier for the main character to have a crisis. In addition, we see that the story is mostly told from Sartys point of view so that we are being led to feel sorry for him. Though the author deviates to get into historical events that might have occurred in the main characters absence, the rest of the story revolves around him such that he does not use any other characters perspective that would bring different light to the whole story. This might have been done to speed up the development of the theme. Otherwise the theme has been clearly outlined.

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Research Paper Summary - Essay Example Similarly, new strategies can be integrated slowly with traditional methods that worked in order to arrive at the right product. This strategy is important to business organizations in the sense that it is responsive to the changes in the competitive, challenging modern environment of business. Secondly, the process of making strategy, according to Mintzberg, must be well choreographed and intended to herald action. Nevertheless, he suggests strategies can yield effective outcomes in their original status or when reformed. Thirdly, Mintzberg’s (1987) argument that strategists do not have to be senior members of the management is in line with the course readings. The sourcing of strategists from within an organization is particularly important because such individuals are well conversant with the inner-workings of the organization; they have the capacity to achieve the needed goals within the prevailing organizational culture. The course readings about strategy management are in line with Mintzberg’s analogy of a potter and how they are connected with their work in that, in both cases, the strategists must be individuals who have passion in pursuing the best for the company. Lastly, unfavorable conditions may prevent the ideal potter from creating a piece of art, despite having a mound of ready clay, but as a strategist, he or she may use the lump to make an equally important item that is different from the one planned before. In the same way potters do their job strategies do arise from time to time and anywhere (Mintzberg, 1987). As such, strategists must be prepared to postpone plans, create new products and have the capacity to turn errors into opportunity. By seeking the input of craftsmen and women who are devoted, passionate and intimately mesmerized by the materials they use to create an end product, the process

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Equity and trusts Master - Case Study Example However it is important the trust instrument must allow the property to be identified clearly. (The K-Zone - Certainty of Subject Matter) The transfer of five thousand shares in Echo Ltd to be held in Trust will be considered as valid trust property as has been decided in the case of Re Rose (1952)4. The fact that the transfer of the shares was not registered does not affect the creation of the trust covering the shares, as the legal presumption is that even when the settler has not done enough to effect a legal transfer the act of creating a trust including the shares as the trust property will constitute a trust. The transfer of some prime agricultural land from the farm which Andy will inherit under his father's will does not constitute a trust. This is due to the fact that the title to the property in the passes to Andy only on the death of his father when the will takes effect. As the subject matter of the trust is not certain there is no creation of any trust in respect of the agricultural land. This is the case of a 'future property' that the settler expects to obtain. Any attempt to create a trust of a future property will be considered as void as the setter does not have the right to transfer the title to the trustee (The K-Zone - Future Property) This issue is well settled in Re Ellenborough 19035. 3. Transfer of house property to Pat - On her marriage to Jonathan In this case when Andy creates a trust of the house property in favour of Pat on the condition that she marries Jonathan it gives rise to a case that a court of equity would compel Andy to constitute the Trust if he reneges on his commitment (The K-Zone - Marriage Consideration). However there are no specific case laws to prove that marriage consideration would still constitute a valid purpose for the creation of a trust for a modern court. But the existence of marriage consideration is attracted by the basic implication of 'unregistered conveyancing' which may require the transfer of title to Pat. 4. Transfer to Richard one of the house properties In Milroy v Lord 18626 there are three processes that must be carried out to recognize the transfer of any property as a valid gift. They are: An outright transfer of legal title to the beneficiary An outright transfer to trustees to hold on trust for the beneficiary or a self declaration trust The principle to be considered here is that the above three circumstances are mutually exclusive and the courts will not consider an imperfect gift as a trust or vice versa. The principle established in the case of Re Rose 1952 though has been made specifically applicable to transfer of shares can equally be

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Excercise programs, Personal training, nutrition, - Assignment Example 20). As the client has expressed that they are a beginning when it comes to weight training, a series of stages have been designed as a means of aiding the client. The first stage of the exercise routine involves machine weights. Specifically, it is recommended that the client implement fully body circuit training three times per week. In terms of repetitions, implementing 10-12 repetitions on each machine at a steady rate is recognized to increase muscle capacity. The following stage of this program will then involve upper body and lower body splits of free weights. Compound exercises with 10-12 repetitions each can then be implemented 4 times per week. The compound exercise split will implement pull-ups, deadlifts, and chest presses will be implemented to target back, arm, chest and core muscles. There will be a one-day rest period and then lower body exercises will be implemented. The lower body exercises will primarily focus on squats with the barbell, but will also involve squat ting without the barbell. Both the lower body and upper body exercises will be implemented 3X each with 10-12 repetitions. The ultimate recognition is that these exercises will create the necessary muscle to reduce body fat and tone. There are a number of areas of consideration that I implement when creating an effective programme for a client. One of the prominent areas of concern is upper-body and lower body alterations. The upper body and lower body split is effective in that it is largely simplistic and does not require clients to consider complex muscle groups in implementation. Another prominent consideration involves resistance training, strength training, hypertrophy, and endurance training. The main consideration in these regards is in terms of repetitions. The implementation of lower repetitions at higher weights results generally in an increase in muscle bulk. This is contrasted with higher

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Hypothetical population, - Essay Example It must be kept in mind that such populations do not practically occur in nature because over a period of time, evolutionary factors affect the population in some way or the other. In the equation given above represents the frequency of the homozygous dominants, gives the frequency of homozygous recessive while 2pq represents the frequency of the heterozygotes. The frequency of the dominant and the recessive alleles may be calculated by square-rooting the homozygous dominant and recessive genotype frequencies. Therefore gives the dominant allelic frequency while gives the recessive allelic frequency. However, the equation hold true for populations the comply with Hardy-Weinberg assumptions which means that in populations whose gene pool is disturbed by factors such as gene flow, genetic drift, mutations and in selectively bred populations, the equation will not be enough for proper estimation. In the given problem, it has been stated that 25 out of every 100 children are born with attached earlobes. We already know that attached earlobe phenotype is an expression of recessive homozygous genotype. Assuming that all assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium are met, we may apply the law to estimate allelic and genotypic frequencies of the given population. Let us assume that UU is the dominant homozygous gene, Ua is the heterozygous genotype while uu is the homozygous recessive gene. As given in the problem, uu causes attached earlobe phenotype while both UU and Uu cause unattached earlobes. In order to estimate the dominant and the recessive frequencies of the alleles we utilize Hardy Weinberg’s equation directly since we do not know the exact number of heterozygotes. To estimate allelic frequency of attached earlobes: Using the values of the frequencies of both the dominant and the recessive alleles that we obtained we can also calculate the frequency of the heterozygous genotype since the exact

Leadership And Management Are Complex Nursing Essay

Leadership And Management Are Complex Nursing Essay Introduction Leadership and management are complex, inter-related concepts, and are essential for health services delivery, reform and administration. Both can be viewed as activities within organisation rather than as functions of specific job roles (Story, 2004; Mullins, 2007). A manager is a member of a specific professional group who manages resources and activities, establishing rules and procedures; and usually has clearly defined subordinates (Northhouse, 2010). A leader is someone, irrespective of professional background and level within an organisation, who build teams and coalitions, and has influence over other people (Rocchiccoli and Tilbury, 1998; Northhouse, 2010). Within the National Health Service (NHS) management require influence rather than giving orders, hence there is a need for effective leaders (Bristol Royal Infirmary Inquiry,1991; IIes and Sutherland, 2001; Jones, 2007) ). Effective leaders are those who possess the ability to influence motivate and enable others to contr ibute toward the effectiveness and success of the organisation of which they are members (Mullins, 2007; Chism, 2010; Northhouse, 2010). The role of leaders in the NHS is to improve patients care, treatment and experience; promote a healthier population; and enhance the NHSs reputation as a well-managed and accountable organisation as well as motivate and develop staff (Hartley and Benington, 2010). Poor leadership styles, with an increased pressure at work, and enforced change, creates dissatisfaction and low morale among staff, which may lead to crisis (Reed, 1995; Oliver, 2007; Mullins, 2007). It is the intention of this essay to highlight the importance of leadership and change management theories to understand and solve contemporary management issues. It will present and critically analysing in the light of theory the management crisis that stroke Mid Staffordshire Foundation Trust between 2005 and 2008, as reported by Alberti (2009) and Thomà © (2009). The Mid Staffordshire Foundation Trust Case The Mid Staffordshire Foundation Trust (MSFT) is a small to medium-sized trust that serves a semi-rural population (Alberti, 2009). During the summer and autumn of 2007, while analysing mortality in England, the Healthcare Commission became aware of consistently higher rates of mortality for specific conditions at the Trust (Healthcare Commission, 2009). When carrying out detailed examination, the Commission found that, mortality appeared to be concentrated on those admitted as emergencies. The reasons for the failing at the Trust, as explained by the Commission are the existences of deficiencies at virtually every stage of the pathway of emergency care (Healthcare Commission, 2009). The overall mortality rate had indeed been comparatively high for several years as shown by Dr Fosters Hospital Guide (Alberti, 2009). As a result, the government appointed Professor Sir George Albert and Doctor David Colin Thomà ©, to investigate the problem and suggest solutions. It can be said that, the MSFT has suffered from many leadership and management issues, which eventually affect the quality of care provided to patients. The reports by Alberti (2009) and Thomà © (2009) identified many issues that escalate the situation at MSFT and offer recommendations on how to manage them. These include the lack of effective clinical leadership; poor use of data and information evident in the lack of action from the concerned Strategic Health Authority (SHA) and Primary Care Trust (PCT) in relation to the increased mortality rate at the hospital, as reported during 2007 by the Hospital Standardized Mortality Rate (HSMR) data; and poor governance and clarity of accountability of all the different organisation in the system. The MSFT crisis is used here as a case study, because I have no work based experience; and for the purpose of this analysis, the above mentioned issues will be examined in relation to leadership and change management theories, with brief highlight of inter-organisa tion collaboration approach.. Leadership and change management theories Hellriegel et al. (1998) suggest that behaviour within an organization may be explained by viewing the organization as an iceberg. Their assumption is What sinks ships isnt always what sailors can see but what they cant see. Similarly, what cause problem for organizations is not what managers can see, but what they cannot see. The organisation Iceberg is based on the assumption that most of the internal factors affecting an organization are invisible, refer to as (covert) but affect the behavioural of individuals involved, such as attitudes, communication patterns, informal team processes, personality, conflict and political behaviour. While formal aspects refers to as (Overt) can be observed from all level, that include physical facilities, rules and regulations, customers and organisation designs The iceberg model relates directly to Paton (2000) who describe organisations are made of complex components that all influence the overall system. In relation to MSFT this model describe the relationship between the PCTs, SHAs and MSFT and how they work together. The Organisation Iceberg highlights that there are many factors within an organisation service that cannot always be seen and cause many problems in reality, which in the case of MSFT could be the shortage of staff, which affects the communication between employees; and lack of time to complete routine duties effectively. Change is inevitable in both organisational and social life, it is a pervasive influence and everyone is subject to continual change in one form or another (Mullins, 2007). Within organisations change is seen as a constant feature, and the ability to manage it, is seen as a core competence of successful organisations (Burnes, 2004). Paton and McCalman (2000) describes an organisation as a system of organised assembly of components, which are related in a way that the behaviour of any individual component will influence the overall status of the system. Organisational change can be initiated deliberately by managers or it can be evolve slowly (Mullins, 2007). In both situation, change can occur because of many reasons, sometimes refers to as triggers, which can be internal or external. Triggers can be due to an increased patient and public expectations, changing technologies, government legislation, competitor, supply change activities, an acquisition or merger (Paton and McCalman, 20 00). In the case of the MSFT, the triggers have been external, and involve the need to response to government legislation, social pressure and the inquiry. Nevertheless, change can be planned, implemented and seen; approaches to change management include: Lewins Force Field Model, Group Dynamic, Action Research and Three-Step model The Force Field Model (Lewin, 1951 cited by Iles and Sutherland, 2001), describe factors that can encourage change and the forces that can create resistance, during the transition state. Lewins theory can be related the MSFT as there were driven forces such as economic reasons and the need to increase customer care that lead to the establishment of the PCT and SHA. Yet there are resisting forces such as poor communication during the transition periods of PCT and SHA, and the lack of professional responsibility from the clinicians and other members of the hospitals staff. Alberti (2009) illustrated in his report that, the trust application for Foundation Trust status led to major saving being required. This financial savings was one of the driving forces that encouraged change. This in turn led to a major fall in clinical staffing, which suggested to be a resisting forces that lead to the deterioration of patient care. As suggested by Lucas and Lloyd (2005) change may bring the about resistance, even though the change can be positive. Change is not a straight forward process, whenever an organisation imposes new things on people, there will be difficulties. Thus, participation involvement and open, early, full communication are essential factors (www.bussinessballs.com). Lewin described an organisation as systems that are held in a steady state or equilibrium by equal forces (King and Anderson, 2002). These forces are the driving forces and the resisting force. When change is proposed it is important to minimise those resisting force first; any premature increase in driving forces for a change will be met with an equal opposite increase in resisting forces (King and Anderson, 2002). It is therefore necessary to reduce the resisting forces through consultation and participation in the change process. Once the resisting forces have been minimised the driving forces can be increased, shifting the equilibrium to the desire state .Within the MSFT, tackling resistanc e to change should have been a priority, given the circumstances and events that occurred. Resistance to change can be in many forms, these can be at an individual level or organisational level, and often difficult to pinpoint the causes. Mullins (2007) suggested that individual resistance may be due to habit, inconvenient or loss of freedom, security in the past and economic implication. Similarly, King and Anderson (2002) argued that individuals may resist simply because change represents a more move into the unknown. Examples of security in the past causing resistance can be seen at MSFT and the surgical words, in the past surgical patients were admitted to the emergency accident unit (EAU), this was found to be of unsatisfactory level leading to opening of a temporary small surgical assessment unit. This unit was found to be successful; however has no been closed, despite its success. Resistance to change and the feeling of security in the past admission procedures allowed a suc cessful change to be closed. Group Dynamic is another a approach to change, Lewin was the first psychologist to write about group Group Dynamic and the importance of the group in shaping the behaviour of its all members (Burnes, 2009). Lewin developed of this concept by addressing two questions. First, what is about the nature and characteristics of particular group that cause it to respond, as it does to the forces which trench on it? Second, how these forces be changed in order to elicit a more desirable form of behaviour? Group Dynamic stresses that, group behaviour, rather than that of individuals, should be the main focus of change (Hayes, 2007; Burnes, 2009). Lewin maintain that it is fruitless to concentrate on changing the behaviour of individuals because the individual in isolation is constrained by group pressure to conform. Consequently the focus of change, must be at the group level and should concentrate on factors such as group norms, roles, interactions and socialization processes to create diseq uilibrium and change (Hayes, 2007) Lewin recognized that, there is need to study and understanding the internal dynamics of groups, such as the different roles people play and how groups need to change over time. However, for him this understanding was not sufficient by itself to bring about change (Burnes, 2009). Lewin also recognized the need to provide a process whereby group members could be engaged in and committed to changing their behaviour. This led Lewin to develop Action Research and the Three-Step model. Action Research Lewin conceived of Action Research as a two-pronged process which would allow groups to address these three questions. Firstly, it emphasizes that change require actions, and is directed at achieving this. Secondly, it recognizes that successful action is based on analyzing the situation correctly, identifying all the possible alternative solutions and choosing the one most appropriate to the situation at hand ( Hayes, 2007). To be successful, though, there has also to be a felt-need. Felt need is an individuals inner realization that change is necessary. If felt-need is low in the group or organisation, introducing change becomes a problematic (Burnes, 2009) Three-Step model is programme of planned change and improved performance, this model is developed by Lewin, to assist with change. It involves the management of a three-stage process of behavior modification: unfreezing, movement and refreezing (Mullins, 2007). Unfreezing by reduce those forces which keep behavior in its current form, recognition of the need for change and improvement to take place. Lewin believed that the stability of human behaviour was based on a quasi-stationary equilibrium supported by a complex field of driving and resisting forces, thus the equilibrium needs to be destabilized before old behaviour can be discarded and new behaviour successfully adopted (Burnes, 2009). Movement, this step shifts the behavior of organisation to a new level; it involves the development of new attitudes or behavior and the implementation of change, Lewin recognized that, without reinforcement, change could be short-lift (Hayes, 2007; Burnes, 2009). Refreezing, this step stabilizi ng the organisation at new state of equilibrium, it is frequently accomplish through the use of supporting mechanism, for examples polices, structure or norms (Mullins, 2007). The main point about refreezing is that new behaviour must be, to some degree, congruent with the rest of the behaviour, personality and environment of the learner or it will simply lead to a new round of disconfirmation (Burnes, 2009). Clinical Leadership Effective, accountable clinical leadership at all levels of the NHS from where patients are treated and cared for right up to the board of an organisation, is another essential pre-requisite of a safe, high quality and effective service (IIes and Sutherland, 2001). In Mid Staffordshire hospital trust, this was lacking. It could also have been more effective in the PCTs and SHAs. Thomà © (2009) suggested that clinical leadership had a major role in the deterioration of patient care at MSFT. He described the visible clinical leadership as lacking in MSFT as well as in SHA and PCT. The poor leadership was observed at all levels, with clinicians failing to raise concerns about patients quality of care, and management failing to improve staff level that would have a big impact on patient quality of care. Clinical leadership may be defined as an expert clinician involved in providing direct clinical care, which influences others to improve the care they provide continuously (Cook, 1999, p. 306). Cook and Leatherhard (2004) describe five characteristics of an effective leader that can be adopted into the clinical environment to produce the best care for the patients. These include creativity by understand the situation and seeking new possibilities; highlighting through identifying new ways of care delivery; influencing by help others see and understand situations from different perspectives; respecting through well develop perceptual ability of others; and finally supporting by supporting others through change. The effective leader characteristics are link to the Trait Theory (Lord et al, 1986) which suggests that leaders have physical traits and abilities that are individual and distinguish them from others. The Trait Theory based on early studies which claim that leaders are born not made, and key characteristics and skills are inherited (Mullins, 2007). The benefit of trait approach is the ability to focus on the individual who is the leader, rather than the task of leading. This allows for analysis of the leader and their individual leadership traits, in term of effectiveness and efficiency and highlights their strength and weakness, which in turn can lead to the improvement of leadership capabilities. Being an ineffective leader in NHS can have severe consequences on the staff in the workplace, as well as patient by having psychologica l impacts that cause deterioration in patient acre and result in stressed staff. Alberti (2009) and Thomà © (2009) . It is clear that there was a distinct lack of Cook and Leathards (2004) five characteristics, that need to influence staff, implement change and be creative. According to Alberti (2009) and Thomà © (2009) reports, leaders of MSFT were very focused on a financial change and lacked creativity in many other aspects of the organisation, such as implementing change management at an individual care staff level. They show disrespect for their staff, by failing to support them and provide adequate training. Alberti (2009) and Thomà © (2009) suggest that they could provided training that would enable staff to adapt to changes in the organisation. Also, there could have been changes to the staff levels, to provide departments with the sufficient staffing, to maintain appropriate care levels. This in turn inhibit the introduction of any new care plans that could potentially i mproved the care. There was also a lack of influential staff; Thomà © (2009) commented on the lack of responsibility shown by general parishioners in the hospital, who fail to report poor quality of care , that they often observed in the clinical settings. According to Palfrey (2000) within the NHS management decisions often relate to resources or the allocation of resources, and that managing budgets and managing people require two very different functions. It is clear that the financial component of MSFT system was a priority, and the leaders in charge missed the opportunity to manage their staff and individuals well, by focusing too much on the budgets and resources (Alberti, 2009; and Thomà ©,2009). Inter -organisational collaboration Alberti (2009) review of MSFT, found that there are highly committed, acute surgeons working at the Trust but too few in each of the surgical specialties. He therefore recommended that a system of networking with neighbouring trusts to be created. Similarly, a network or board should be established for urgent and emergency care including all partners, such as the PCT, the ambulance trust, social services, the voluntary sector, pharmacies, patients and the public as well as the MSFT. In his view this could and should greatly facilitate delivery of care by the most appropriate person in the most appropriate setting in timely fashion. Partnership means learning together and works together; it is a good way of making things happen (Davies and Foley, 2007).The need to bring together, different inter-linked professionals skills has increasingly arisen in response to the complexity of health and welfare services; the expansion of knowledge and the subsequent increase in specialisation resou rces; for lessening duplication and provide a more effective, integrated and supportive services for both users and professionals (Naidoo and Wills, 2001). According to Leathard (1994) one striking feature about inter-professional work in Britain is that there has been a generally held belief that collaboration is good thing and inter-professionals teams have increasingly gained favour in recent years. However, threes has been little evidence to substantiate the view that collaboration leads to an increase in the quality of care. Similarly, Hudson et al (1999) have argued that interagency collaboration in the public sector remains very difficult, yet governments committed to it. Adams (2007) mentioned that partnership have number of strengths. First, they reassure people that cooperation and collaboration between diverse groups and organisations are possible. Second, they enable people as individuals and in groups to join forces to achieve shared goals. Finally, they are means by which agencies can work together to solve problems they cold not tackle alone. McGrath (1991) noted three advantages of inter-professionals teams working in th e field of community mental handicap. Firstly, more efficient use of staff, for example enabling specialist staff to concentrate on specialist skills and maximising the potential of a qualified staff. Secondly, effective service provision, for instance, encouraging overall service planning and goal orientation. Thirdly, creating a more satisfying, work environment, again by promoting a more relevant and supportive services. Inter-agency and inter-professionals coordination and collaboration, are not however, readily in practice (Sands et al, 1990). Inter-professionals pitfalls included conflicting professional and organisational boundaries, inequality in status and pay, and time consuming consultation (McGrath, 1991). Sweeney et al (2000) concluded that, the three reasons for failures in collaboration drawn from research are cited as being differing professional perspectives on problems; different occupational cultures and confusions over professional roles. Confidentiality and sharing information within and between agencies are other issues. It is clear that PCT, SHA and Monitor at MSFT were unsure about their involvement and responsibilities once the hospital has been awarded the Foundation Trust status, which result in neglecting patient care (Alberti, 2009; Thomà ©, 2009). Adams (2007) pointed out that it is difficult for organisation with diverse cultures and ways of working to work together. Succ essful partnerships and effective joint work between different agencies and professionals, depend on a number of conditions being fulfilled These include a willingness to share tasks, high trust between different professionals and openness and good communication. Likewise Hudson et al (1999) have developed a conceptual framework setting out some main issues that need to be considered when planning collaborative services. These include assessment of collaborative capacity, identification of a legitimate basis for collaboration, ensuring wide organisational ownership and nurturing fragile relationship. Close culture and lack of data sharing, were among the issues that caused the situation to deteriorate at MSFT; a Good understanding of multi-organisational networking, alliance and partnership principles, would have improve the communication at the trust. This in turn can improve patient flow through the hospital and ensure greater networking with neighbouring trusts. Conclusion Within the NHS management systems, a manager requires need to influence other rather than giving orders, thus they need to be an effective leaders. The Mid Staffordshire Foundation Trust (MSFT) crisis was a result of poor leadership and management of staff and services (Alberti, 2009; Thomà ©, 2009). The lack of smooth organisational change management, as described by the Organisational Iceberg, affected many components of the trust. The reconfiguration of PCT and SHA was to improve the quality of care at the trust. However unstable transition and transformation of change that was caused mainly by inadequate leadership capabilities prevent a successful case of change management in this organisation. As a result the poor standard of care continued to be performed in the hospital, without any attention or plan to change. Change is a common feature s in both organisation and social life, and can be planned, implemented and seen. Lewins Force Field Model, Group Dynamic, Action Research and Three-Step models of change forming un integrated approach to analyzing, understanding and brining about change at group, organisational and societal level (Burnes, 2009). Clinical leadership in particular played important in the deterioration of patient care at the MSFT. Effective clinical leadership required creativity, highlighting, influencing, respecting and supporting (Cook and Leatherhard, 2004). Inter-professionals and partnership approach in public sectors aims to enable people to work together to achieve shared gaols. However, these approach, hindered by problems such as the conflicting professional and organisational boundaries and loyalties. Successful partnerships depend on a number of conditions being fulfilled these include a willingness to share tasks, high trust between different professionals and openness and good communication (Adams, 2007).